NTP address and mask facility

The address and mask configuration facility adds various restrictions or erects barriers between your host and other time servers. A typical statement in the configuration file looks as follows:

restrict IP_address mask IP_address_mask flag1 flag2 . . .

Each statement adds an entry to an internal list maintained by xntpd. Each entry in this list contains the list entry address (the IP address following restrict), the address mask, and the flags. Below is a list of all of the flags and their meanings:

ignore

Indicates that all packets from hosts matching this entry will be ignored.

noquery

Indicates that your host will not respond to mode 6 and 7 packets sent from hosts with a matching address.

nomodify

Indicates that your host will not allow itself to be reconfigured by hosts with a matching address.

notrap

Indicates that your host will not allow hosts with a matching address to register as a trap receiver.

lowpriotrap

Indicates that your host will give hosts with a matching address a low priority for the use of traps.

noserve

Indicates that your host will not give the time to hosts with a matching address.

nopeer

Indicates that your host will not attempt to get time from any host with a matching address.

notrust

Indicates that hosts matching this entry, while treated normally in other respects, should not be trusted for synchronization.

xntpd

(source_address & address_mask) == (list_entry_address & address_mask)

restrict default flag1 flag2 . . .

Suppose that you are running xntpd on a host with IP address 132.147.246.16. You would like to ensure that runtime reconfiguration requests can be made only from the local host. Further, you would like the host to synchronize with only one of a pair of offsite servers or, failing that, a time source on the class B network whose address is 132.147. The following entries in the configuration file would implement this policy:

# By default, do not trust and do not allow modifications restrict default notrust nomodify

# These hosts are trusted for time, but no modifications allowed restrict 132.147.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 nomodify restrict 128.115.14.97 nomodify restrict 16.1.0.22 nomodify

# These local addresses are unrestricted restrict 132.147.246.16 restrict 127.0.0.1

The first entry is the default entry, which all hosts match and hence which provides the default set of flags. The next three entries indicate that matching hosts have only the nomodify flag set and hence are trusted for time. If the mask is not specified in the restrict statement, it defaults to 255.255.255.255. Note that the address 132.147.246.16 matches three entries in the table, the default entry (mask 0.0.0.0), the entry for net 132.147 (mask 255.255.0.0), and the entry for the host itself (mask 255.255.255.255). As expected, the flags for the host are derived from the last entry, as that mask has the most bits set.

Each restrict statement applies to packets from all hosts, including those that are configured elsewhere in the configuration file. Hence, if you specify a default set of restrictions that you do not wish to apply to the hosts you are synchronizing with, you must override the default restrictions for those hosts with additional restrict statements.

Choose an Enforcement Method

Updated: October 6, 2008

Applies To: Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista

To choose the right NAP enforcement method for your network, review the following sections of this guide to understand the details of how each enforcement method works and determine which method best meets your deployment goals:

You might also consider the following when choosing an enforcement method:

Infrastructure. How well does your current network support the enforcement method?
Cost. Which aspect of your NAP deployment is more important: cost or flexibility?
Complexity. Do you have the expertise to implement and maintain your deployment?
Security. How secure is the enforcement method?

Infrastructure

All NAP enforcement methods can be implemented using a minimum of one computer running Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows Server 2008. All enforcement methods require that NPS is installed on this computer and configured to evaluate the health of NAP clients. Additional required services depend on the enforcement method. For example, IPsec, VPN, and DHCP enforcement methods require a NAP enforcement server running Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows Server 2008. The 802.1X enforcement method requires network hardware that supports the 802.1X authentication method and is capable of controlling port characteristics using RADIUS tunnel attributes. For more information, see NAP Configuration Overview.

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Cost

Because support for it is built into the Windows operating system, the cost of deploying NAP is typically low, but depends on how well your existing network hardware and software support your design. If you have deployed Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows Server 2008 on your network, then you already have some or all of the components required to deploy NAP. Some NAP enforcement methods might require an upgrade of the components of your network infrastructure. For example, deploying NAP with 802.1X enforcement can be costly if you do not already have hardware that supports 802.1X authentication. If you already have hardware that supports 802.1X, then it is likely that you can deploy NAP with 802.1X enforcement at minimal cost. If your hardware does not support NAP, in some cases adding support can be as simple as downloading and installing new firmware. To determine the costs associated with a NAP deployment, review hardware and software requirements for the enforcement methods you have chosen and determine whether server and network hardware upgrades are required. Additional costs that might also be associated with a NAP deployment include planning and design costs and the training of support personnel.

Complexity

NAP with IPsec enforcement is generally the most complex enforcement method to deploy because it requires a public key infrastructure (PKI) and IPsec policies to create logical networks. However, Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008 include tools for managing and monitoring IPsec that eliminates much of this complexity. The 802.1X enforcement method is next in terms of complexity, followed by VPN enforcement. DHCP enforcement is the least complex enforcement method to deploy.

Security

IPsec enforcement is a powerful method for protecting compliant computers from any others; it can be combined with server and domain isolation to ensure that after a computer has demonstrated it is compliant, it will still be restricted to communicating only with authorized hosts. IPsec provides other benefits, too. Network packets are authenticated, which reduces the risk of man-in-the-middle and replay attacks, and traffic can be encrypted with IPsec, providing a high degree of protection from eavesdropping attacks.

Like IPsec, 802.1X offers a high degree of protection. Several enhancements to 802.1X are also available that provide improved security. Until a client has demonstrated that it complies with the organization�s health requirements, its access to the network will be restricted by the network switches and wireless access points. These restrictions can be very difficult to bypass, even by a determined malicious user.

VPN enforcement is a good choice for protecting remote access to the corporate network. Clients that connect to a NAP-enabled VPN server can be granted restricted access to the network at the point of entry using IP packet filters. The health of remote client computers is evaluated when the client connects and it is monitored during the VPN session. If a client computer becomes noncompliant, then access is restricted until the computer is compliant.

DHCP enforcement restricts noncompliant computers by providing a limited IPv4 address configuration. It is the least secure NAP enforcement method. It is easily bypassed by an advanced user who has administrative privileges on the computer.

Combining NAP enforcement methods

It is possible to use more than one enforcement method simultaneously. An organization might invest additional resources into combining these enforcement technologies because they have complementary strengths and weaknesses. NAP with VPN enforcement can be used to enforce organizational compliance policies on remote clients, while NAP with IPsec enforcement can be used for local clients. 802.1X and IPsec offer a particularly robust combination because together they can restrict network connectivity at multiple layers of the network protocol stack. The following table shows which enforcement methods can be combined. Keep in mind that the complexity of your NAP deployment will increase when you combine enforcement methods.

	IPsec	802.1X	VPN	DHCP
IPsec
802.1X			X
VPN		X		X
DHCP

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