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MCITP MCSE and CCNA Certification Notes Series :

MCSE 2016 Boot Camp : Azure Boot camp : CCNA / CCNAX Boot Camp:

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Cisco Hierarchical Model:
For more information about this, please read our separate tutorial titled "The Cisco Hierarchical Model".

OSI Model:
The OSI model is a layered model and a conceptual standard used for defining standards to promote multi-vendor integration as well as maintain constant interfaces and isolate changes of implementation to a single layer. It is NOT application or protocol specific. In order to pass any Cisco exam, you need to know the OSI model inside and out.

The OSI Model consists of 7 layers as follows:

Layer	Description	Device	Protocol
Application	Provides network access for applications, flow control and error recovery. Provides communications services to applications by identifying and establishing the availability of other computers as well as to determine if sufficient resources exist for communication purposes.	Gateway	NCP, SMB, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, Telnet, Appletalk
Presentation	Performs protocol conversion, encryption and data compression	Gateway and redirectors	NCP, AFP, TDI
Session	Allows 2 applications to communicate over a network by opening a session and synchronizing the involved computers. Handles connection establishment, data transfer and connection release	Gateway	NetBios
Transport	Repackages messages into smaller formats, provides error free delivery and error handling functions	Gateway	NetBEUI, TCP, SPX, and NWLink
Network	Handles addressing, translates logical addresses and names to physical addresses, routing and traffic management.	Router and brouter	IP, IPX, NWLink, NetBEUI
**Data Link	Packages raw bits into frames making it transmitable across a network link and includes a cyclical redundancy check(CRC). It consists of the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer. The MAC sublayer is important to remember, as it is responsible for appending the MAC address of the next hop to the frame header. On the contrary, LLC sublayer uses Destination Service Access Points and Source Service Access Points to create links for the MAC sublayers.	Switch, bridge and brouter	None
Physical	Physical layer works with the physical media for transmitting and receiving data bits via certain encoding schemes. It also includes specifications for certain mechanical connection features, such as the adaptor connector.	Multiplexer and repeater	None

Here is an easy way to memorize the order of the layers:
All People Seem To Need Data Processing. The first letter of each word corresponds to the first letter of one of the layers. It is a little corny, but it works.

Class	Range	Explanation
A	1-126	IP addresses can be class A, B or C. Class A addresses are for networks with a large number of hosts. The first octet is the netid and the 3 remaining octets are the hostid. Class B addresses are used in medium to large networks with the first 2 octets making up the netid and the remaining 2 are the hostid. A class C is for smaller networks with the first 3 octets making up the netid and the last octet comprising the hostid. The later two classes aren’t used for networks.
B	128-191
C	192-223
D	224-239 (Multicasting)
E	240-255 (Experimental)

A subnet mask blocks out a portion of an IP address and is used to differentiate between the hostid and netid. The default subnet masks are as follows:

Class	Default Subnet	# of Subnets	# of Hosts Per Subnet
Class A	255.0.0.0	126	16,777,214
Class B	255.255.0.0	16,384	65,534
Class C	255.255.255.0	2,097,152	254

In these cases, the part of the IP address blocked out by 255 is the Net ID.

3COM’s IP addressing tutorial is just superior. It covers basic IP addressing options as well as subnetting and VLSM/CIDR.

IPX/SPX:
IPX will also be an important issue to consider in network management given the fact there many companies still use Netware servers. There are two parts to every IPX Network address - the Network ID and the Host ID. The first 8 hex digits represent the network ID, while the remaining hex digits represent the host ID, which is most likely the same as the MAC address, meaning we do not need to manually assign node addresses. Note that valid hexadecimal digits range from 0 through 9, and hexadecimal letters range from A through F. FFFFFFFF in hexadecimal notation = 4292967295 in decimal.

Sequenced Packet Exchange(SPX) belongs to the Transport layer, and is connection-oriented. It creates virtual circuits between hosts, and that each host is given a connection ID in the SPX header for identifying the connection. Service Advertisement Protocol(SAP) is used by NetWare servers to advertise network services via broadcast at an interval of every 60 minutes by default.

Configuring VLANs

Before you begin creating VLANs, you should determine whether the switch will participate in a VTP domain that will synchronize VLAN configuration with the rest of the network. You must also enable a trunk connection if you want to use VLANs across multiple switches.

The steps to configure a VLAN are:

Enable VTP (optional)
Enable Trunking (optional)
Create VLANs
Assign VLANs to ports

Verifying VLANs

Verifying the VLAN Configuration
Verifying VLAN Membership
Prevent VLANs from Crossing a Trunk Link
Prevent Individual VLANs from Crossing a Trunk Link
Verifying Trunk Links
Verifying VTP Information
Enabling VTP Pruning

Enable VTP

When adding a new switch to an existing domain, it is a good idea to add it in VTP client mode. This will prevent the switch from propagating any incorrect VLAN information to other switches. In this example we will setup a new VTP domain and place the switch into server mode. The password puts VTP into secure mode. Every switch in the management domain must have a password assigned to it for the management domain to function properly in secure mode.

   Switch1#configure terminal
   Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z
   Switch1(config)#vtp server
   Switch1(config)#vtp domain ciscotest
   Switch1(config)#vtp password ccna

Enable Trunking

The next step is to create a trunk connection with the other switches that will be sharing VLAN information. To enable trunking on a port, enter interface configuration mode for the desired port, and then use the trunk command with the appropriate option:

   Switch1#configure terminal
   Switch1(config)#interface f 0/26
   Switch1(config-if)#trunk on

**`trunk` Command Options**
Option	Function
`on`	Puts the port into permanent trunking mode and negotiates to convert the link into a trunk link. The port becomes a trunk port even if the neighboring port does not agree to the change.
`off`	Puts the port into permanent nontrunking mode and negotiates to convert the link into a nontrunk link. The port becomes a nontrunk port even if the neighboring port does not agree to the change.
`desirable`	Makes the port actively attempt to convert the link to a trunk link. The port becomes a trunk port if the neighboring port is set to on, desirable, or auto mode.
`auto`	Makes the port willing to convert the link to a trunk link. The port becomes a trunk port if the neighboring port is set to on or desirable mode. This is the default mode.
`negotiate`	Puts the port into permanent trunking mode but prevents the port from generating DTP frames. You must configure the neighboring port manually as a trunk port to establish a trunk link.

Create VLANs

To create a VLAN, enter global configuration mode and use the vlan command with the VLAN identifier (1-1005) and its name.

   Switch1#configure terminal
   Switch1(config)#vlan 5 name accounting
   Switch1(config)#vlan 6 name management

Assign VLANs to Ports

Now that the VLAN has been created, you can statically assign which ports will be members of the VLAN. A port can only belong to one VLAN at a time and by default, all ports are members of VLAN 1. To assign a VLAN to a port, enter interface configuration mode for the port and use the vlan-membership command.

   Switch1#configure terminal
   Switch1(config)#interface e0/4
   Switch1(config-if)#vlan-membership static 5
   Switch1(config)#interface e0/5
   Switch1(config-if)#vlan-membership static 5
   Switch1(config)#interface e0/6
   Switch1(config-if)#vlan-membership static 6

Verifying the VLAN Configuration

To view the VLANs configured on the switch, use the show vlan command.

   
   Switch1#show vlan
   
   VLAN    Name               Status            Ports
   --------------------------------------------------
   1       default            Enabled           1-3, 7-24, AUI, A, B
   5       accounting         Enabled           4, 5
   6       management         Enabled           6

Optionally you can view an individual VLAN to see how it's configured by using the show vlan [#] command.

   
   Switch1#show vlan 5
   
   VLAN  Name          Status      Ports
   -------------------------------------
   5     accounting    Enabled     2 
   -------------------------------------
   
   VLAN  Type   SAID   MTU   Parent  RingNo BridgeNo Stp  Trans1 Trans2
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   5  Ethernet 100005  1500   0        1       1     Unkn   0     0

Verifying VLAN Membership

To view which ports are assigned to a VLAN, use the following command:

   Switch1#show vlan-membership
      Port  VLAN   Membership
      1        1      Static
      2        1      Static
      3        1      Static
      4        5      Static
      5        5      Static
      6        6      Static
      7        1      Static
      8        1      Static	      
         [Output Cut]

Prevent VLANs from Crossing a Trunk

All VLANs are configured on a trunked link unless you clear it manually. Use the following command if you don't want a trunk to carry VLAN information:

   Switch1(config)#int f0/26
   Switch1(config-if)#clear trunk

Prevent Individual VLANs from Crossing a Trunk Link

You can clear individual VLANs from crossing a trunk link by using the following command:

   Switch1(config)#int f0/26
   Switch1(config-if)#no trunk-vlan 5

Verifying Trunk Link

To verify a trunk port use the show trunk [a|b] command. The a is for port f0/26 while b represents f0/27.

   Switch1#show trunk a
   DISL state:  Auto, Trunking: On, Encapsulation type:ISL
   
   Switch1#show trunk allowed-vlans
   1-4, 6-1004

Verifying VTP Information

After VTP has been enabled and configured, you can view the configuration with the following command:

   Switch1#show vtp
   VTP Version                     : 2
   Configuration Revision          : 2
   Maximum VLANs supported locally : 1005
   Number of existing VLANs        : 2
   VTP Operating Mode              : Server
   VTP Password                    : ccna
   VTP Domain Name                 : ciscotest
   VTP Pruning Mode                : Disabled
   VTP V2 Mode                     : Disabled
   VTP Traps Generation            : Enabled
   MD5 digest                      : 0xB9 0xC7 0x8D 0xB3 0xD4 0xBA 0x94 0x03
   Configuration last modified by 192.168.1.86 at 7-25-01 01:22:24

Enabling VTP Pruning

If you enable VTP pruning on a VTP server, you will enable it for the entire domain. Enable VTP pruning with the following command:

   Switch1(config)#vtp pruning enable

Disable VTP pruning with:

   Switch1(config)#vtp pruning disable

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