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Cisco Hierarchical Model:
For more information about this, please read our separate tutorial titled "The Cisco Hierarchical Model".

OSI Model:
The OSI model is a layered model and a conceptual standard used for defining standards to promote multi-vendor integration as well as maintain constant interfaces and isolate changes of implementation to a single layer. It is NOT application or protocol specific. In order to pass any Cisco exam, you need to know the OSI model inside and out.

The OSI Model consists of 7 layers as follows:

Layer	Description	Device	Protocol
Application	Provides network access for applications, flow control and error recovery. Provides communications services to applications by identifying and establishing the availability of other computers as well as to determine if sufficient resources exist for communication purposes.	Gateway	NCP, SMB, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, Telnet, Appletalk
Presentation	Performs protocol conversion, encryption and data compression	Gateway and redirectors	NCP, AFP, TDI
Session	Allows 2 applications to communicate over a network by opening a session and synchronizing the involved computers. Handles connection establishment, data transfer and connection release	Gateway	NetBios
Transport	Repackages messages into smaller formats, provides error free delivery and error handling functions	Gateway	NetBEUI, TCP, SPX, and NWLink
Network	Handles addressing, translates logical addresses and names to physical addresses, routing and traffic management.	Router and brouter	IP, IPX, NWLink, NetBEUI
**Data Link	Packages raw bits into frames making it transmitable across a network link and includes a cyclical redundancy check(CRC). It consists of the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer. The MAC sublayer is important to remember, as it is responsible for appending the MAC address of the next hop to the frame header. On the contrary, LLC sublayer uses Destination Service Access Points and Source Service Access Points to create links for the MAC sublayers.	Switch, bridge and brouter	None
Physical	Physical layer works with the physical media for transmitting and receiving data bits via certain encoding schemes. It also includes specifications for certain mechanical connection features, such as the adaptor connector.	Multiplexer and repeater	None

Here is an easy way to memorize the order of the layers:
All People Seem To Need Data Processing. The first letter of each word corresponds to the first letter of one of the layers. It is a little corny, but it works.

Class	Range	Explanation
A	1-126	IP addresses can be class A, B or C. Class A addresses are for networks with a large number of hosts. The first octet is the netid and the 3 remaining octets are the hostid. Class B addresses are used in medium to large networks with the first 2 octets making up the netid and the remaining 2 are the hostid. A class C is for smaller networks with the first 3 octets making up the netid and the last octet comprising the hostid. The later two classes aren’t used for networks.
B	128-191
C	192-223
D	224-239 (Multicasting)
E	240-255 (Experimental)

A subnet mask blocks out a portion of an IP address and is used to differentiate between the hostid and netid. The default subnet masks are as follows:

Class	Default Subnet	# of Subnets	# of Hosts Per Subnet
Class A	255.0.0.0	126	16,777,214
Class B	255.255.0.0	16,384	65,534
Class C	255.255.255.0	2,097,152	254

In these cases, the part of the IP address blocked out by 255 is the Net ID.

3COM’s IP addressing tutorial is just superior. It covers basic IP addressing options as well as subnetting and VLSM/CIDR.

IPX/SPX:
IPX will also be an important issue to consider in network management given the fact there many companies still use Netware servers. There are two parts to every IPX Network address - the Network ID and the Host ID. The first 8 hex digits represent the network ID, while the remaining hex digits represent the host ID, which is most likely the same as the MAC address, meaning we do not need to manually assign node addresses. Note that valid hexadecimal digits range from 0 through 9, and hexadecimal letters range from A through F. FFFFFFFF in hexadecimal notation = 4292967295 in decimal.

Sequenced Packet Exchange(SPX) belongs to the Transport layer, and is connection-oriented. It creates virtual circuits between hosts, and that each host is given a connection ID in the SPX header for identifying the connection. Service Advertisement Protocol(SAP) is used by NetWare servers to advertise network services via broadcast at an interval of every 60 minutes by default.

Access List Commands

Command	Description
`show access-lists`	Displays all access lists and their parameters configured on the router. This command doesn't show which interface the list is configured on.
`show access-list [list #]`	Shows only the parameters for the access list specified. This command does not show you the interface the list is configured on.
`show ip access-list`	Shows only the IP access lists configured on the router.
`show ipx access-list`	Shows only the IPX access lists configured on the router.
`show ip interface`	Shows which interfaces have IP access lists on them.
`show ipx interface`	Shows which interfaces have IPX access lists on them.
`show running-config`	Shows the access lists and which interfaces have access lists set.
`any`	Keyword used to represent all hosts or networks, replaces 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 in access list.
`host`	Keyword that specifies that an address should have a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.0 (i.e will match only 1 host)
`clear access-list counter [list#]`	Clears extended access lists counter of the number of matches per line of the access list.
`-1`	Applies to any IPX network or any protocol when used in extended IPX access lists.
`0`	Used for all sockets in extended IPX access lists.
`ip access-group`	Applies an IP access list to an interface.
`ipx access-group`	Applies an IPX access list to an interface.
`ipx input-sap-filter`	Applies an inbound IPX SAP filter to an interface.
`ipx output-sap-filter`	Applies an outbound IPX SAP filter to an interface.

Access List Ranges
Access List Type	Number
Standard IP Access Lists	1-99
Extended IP Access Lists	100-199
Standard IPX Access Lists	800-899
Extended IPX Access Lists	900-999
IPX SAP Filters	1000-1099

Standard Access List Syntax

IP

   access-list 1-99 {permit|deny} address mask

Variable	Definition
`1-99`	Standard IP access lists are represented by a number ranging from 1-99 or text names with IOS 11.2 or greater.
`{permit\|deny}`	Used to specify the nature of the access list, either a permit or deny statement.
`address`	The IP address of the source.
`mask`	A wildcard mask, or inverse mask, applied to determine which bits of source address are significant.

IPX

   access-list 800-899 {deny|permit} source-network[.source-address[source-mask]]
                       destination-network[.destination-address[destination-mask]]

Variable	Definition
`800-899`	Standard IPX access lists are represented by a number ranging from 800-899.
`{deny\|permit}`	Used to specify the nature of the access list either a permit or deny statement.
`source-network[.source-address[source-mask]]`	The IPX address of the source network or node.
`destination-network[.destination-address[destination-mask]]`	The IPX address of the destination network or node.

Extended Access List Syntax

IP

 access-list 100-199 {permit|deny} {ip|tcp|udp|icmp} source source-mask [lt|gt|eq|neq]
 [source-port] destination dest-mask [lt|gt|eq|neq] [dest-port] [log]

Variable	Definition
`100-199`	Extended IP access lists are represented by a number ranging from 100-199 or text names with IOS 11.2 or greater.
`{permit\|deny}`	Used to specify the nature of the access list either a permit or deny statement.
`{ip\|tcp\|udp\|icmp}`	The IP protocol to be filtered can be IP (includes all protocols in the TCP/IP suite) TCP,UDP,ICMP,or others.
`source`	The IP address of the source
`source-mask`	A wildcard mask, or inverse mask, applied to determine which bits of source address are significant.
`[lt\|gt\|eq\|neq]`	Can contain lt (less than), gt (greater than), eq (equal to), or neq (not equal to). It is used if an extended list filters by a specific port number or range of ports.
`[source-port]`	If necessary, the source port number of the protocol to be filtered.
`destination`	The IP address of the destination
`dest-mask`	A wildcard mask, or inverse mask, applied to determine which bits of destination address are significant.
`[lt\|gt\|eq\|neq]`	Can contain lt (less than), gt (greater than), eq (equal to), or neq (not equal to). It is used if an extended list filters by a specific port number or range of ports.
`[dest-port]`	If necessary, the destination port number of the protocol to be filtered.
`[log]`	Turns on logging of access list activity.

IPX

 access-list 900-999 {deny|permit} protocol source-network.[source-address[source-mask]] socket
                     destination-network.[destination-address[dest-mask]] destination-socket

Variable	Definition
`900-999`	Extended IPX access lists are represented by a number ranging from 900-999.
`{deny\|permit}`	Used to specify the nature of the access list either a permit or deny statement.
`protocol`	IPX protocol, a -1 specifies all IPX protocols.
`source-network.[source-address[source-mask]]`	The IPX address of the source network or node.
`socket`	Source socket similar to the port value in IP access lists, points to a particular service, a 0 specifies all sockets.
`destination-network.[destination-address[dest-mask]]`	The IPX address of the destination network or node.
`socket`	Destination socket, similar to the port value in IP access lists, points to a particular service, a 0 specifies all sockets.

SAP Filters

SAP

   access-list 1000-1099 {permit|deny} network.[address] [service-type]

Variable	Definition
`1000-1099`	IPX SAP filters are represented by a number in the range of 1000-1099.
`{permit\|deny}`	Used to specify the nature of the access list either a permit or deny statement.
`network.[address]`	The IPX address of the source network or node.
`[service-type]`	IPX services such as print services, file services, or directory services, a 0 is for all services.

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Access List Commands

Standard Access List Syntax

IP

IPX

Extended Access List Syntax

IP

IPX

SAP Filters

SAP